[Lifestyle medicine: the importance of considering all the causes of disease]. / Medicina del estilo de vida: la importancia de considerar todas las causas de la enfermedad.

The enormous potential effects of health behavior change on mortality, morbidity, and health care costs provide ample motivation for the concept of lifestyle medicine. Lifestyle medicine involves the therapeutic use of lifestyle interventions on health and quality of life, and considers not only risk factors and markers, but also a range of antecedent factors from all levels of causality. Treatment would ultimate employ a combination of clinical (patient-centered) and public-health interventions. Examples of target patient behaviors include, but are not limited to, eliminating tobacco use, moderating alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, improving diet, sleep, and emotional and mental well-being. The effective implementation of lifestyle medicine should be a priority within the necessary changes in current healthcare systems and public health policies.

Medicina del estilo de vida: la importancia de considerar todas las causas de la enfermedad / Lifestyle medicine: the importance of considering all the causes of disease

Los enormes efectos potenciales de determinadas intervenciones en el estilo de vida sobre la mortalidad, morbilidad y costes sanitarios son motivación más que suficiente para el interés actual en la medicina del estilo de vida. La medicina del estilo de vida se ocupa de las intervenciones sobre el estilo de vida que afectan a la salud y a la calidad de vida, y tiene en cuenta todas las causas anteriores a la enfermedad y al riesgo de enfermar, desde todos los niveles de causalidad. En consecuencia, en su manejo terapéutico se incluye una combinación de intervenciones preventivas de salud con actuaciones clínicas personalizadas para cada paciente. Ejemplos de dichas intervenciones incluyen, sin limitarse a, todos los siguientes: abandono tabáquico: dieta equilibrada; control de peso corporal; aumento de la actividad física; consumo moderado de alcohol; sueño y descanso adecuados; e incremento del bienestar emocional y mental, entre otros. La aplicación efectiva de la medicina del estilo de vida debería considerarse prioritaria dentro de los cambios necesarios en los actuales sistemas sanitarios y en las políticas públicas de salud(AU)

The enormous potential effects of health behavior change on mortality, morbidity, and health care costs provide ample motivation for the concept of lifestyle medicine. Lifestyle medicine involves the therapeutic use of lifestyle interventions on health and quality of life, and considers not only risk factors and markers, but also a range of antecedent factors from all levels of causality. Treatment would ultimately employ a combination of clinical (patient-centered) and public-health interventions. Examples of target patient behaviors include, but are not limited to, eliminating tobacco use, moderating alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, improving diet, sleep, and emotional and mental well-being. The effective implementation of lifestyle medicine should be a priority within the necessary changes in current healthcare systems and public health policies(AU)

Potential health benefits of simulated laughter: a narrative review of the literature and recommendations for future research.

INTRODUCTION: Scientific research has shown that laughter may have both preventive and therapeutic values. Health-related benefits of laughter are mainly reported from spontaneous laughter interventional studies. While the human mind can make a distinction between simulated and spontaneous laughter, the human body cannot. Either way health-related outcomes are deemed to be produced. Simulated laughter is thus a relatively under-researched treatment modality with potential health benefits. The aim of this review was firstly to identify, critically evaluate and summarize the laughter literature; secondly to assess to which extent simulated laughter health-related benefits are currently sustained by empirical evidence; and lastly to provide recommendations and future directions for further research. METHODS: A comprehensive laughter literature search was performed. A list of inclusion and exclusion criteria was identified. Thematic analysis was applied to summarize laughter health-related outcomes, relationships, and general robustness. RESULTS: Laughter has shown different physiological and psychological benefits. Adverse effects are very limited and laughter is practically lacking in counter-indications. Despite the limited number of publications, there is some evidence to suggest that simulated laughter has also some effects on certain aspects of health, though further well-designed research is warranted. CONCLUSIONS: Simulated laughter techniques can be easily implemented in traditional clinical settings for health and patient care. Their effective use for therapeutic purposes needs to be learned, practiced, and developed as any other medical strategy. Practical guidelines and further research are needed to help health care professionals (and others) implement laughter techniques in their health care portfolio.

La risa como tratamiento médico: una opción complementaria/alternativa en educación y atención sanitarias / Laughter medicine and therapy: A complementary/alternative approach in health and patient care

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The therapeutic value of laughter in medicine.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to identify, critically evaluate, and summarize the laughter literature across a number of fields related to medicine and health care to assess to what extent laughter health-related benefits are currently supported by empirical evidence. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: A comprehensive laughter literature search was performed. A thorough search of the gray literature was also undertaken. A list of inclusion and exclusion criteria was identified. DATA EXTRACTION: It was necessary to distinguish between humor and laughter to assess health-related outcomes elicited by laughter only. DATA SYNTHESIS: Thematic analysis was applied to summarize laughter health-related outcomes, relationships, and general robustness. CONCLUSIONS: Laughter has shown physiological, psychological, social, spiritual, and quality-of-life benefits. Adverse effects are very limited, and laughter is practically lacking in contraindications. Therapeutic efficacy of laughter is mainly derived from spontaneous laughter (triggered by external stimuli or positive emotions) and self-induced laughter (triggered by oneself at will), both occurring with or without humor. The brain is not able to distinguish between these types; therefore, it is assumed that similar benefits may be achieved with one or the other. Although there is not enough data to demonstrate that laughter is an all-around healing agent, this review concludes that there exists sufficient evidence to suggest that laughter has some positive, quantifiable effects on certain aspects of health. In this era of evidence-based medicine, it would be appropriate for laughter to be used as a complementary/alternative medicine in the prevention and treatment of illnesses, although further well-designed research is warranted.

El valor terapéutico de la risa en medicina / No disponible

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